The bulk of blast-resistant buildings are utilized in large refinery and petrochemical facilities. Recently, there has been a dramatic increase at midstream facilities, like fractionation plants and compressor stations, of buildings for temporary use (rentals for turnaround and maintenance) and permanent use (control rooms and operator shelters).
With the rapid growth of fracking and unconventional drilling in the U.S., midstream facilities have developed very quickly over the past decade. Even though these facilities were closely regulated by OSHA, EPA, local authorities and others, they seemed slow to move toward blast-resistant modular structures as a quick, affordable solution for safe space. Much of the early development of shale gas was happening in the West Texas Permian Basin or the Bakken Formation of the Dakotas, areas where operators had ample space to pull occupied buildings back out of the blast zone. Over the past five years, there has been rapid shale gas development with the Marcellus Shale Formation in Pennsylvania, Ohio and West Virginia. In these hilly areas, plants can't spread out the way they can in more remote areas, so control rooms are often placed in the blast zone. With the speed of development of these facilities and modular construction for plant processes, it often makes sense to use modular blast-resistant control rooms and operator shelters, too.
This isn't just "insurance" that will never be used. The danger is real at gas plants, compressor facilities and pipelines. An explosion at a gas plant in China last July killed 10 and injured scores of others. Let's take a closer look at common sources of danger at various stages of midstream operations.
VCE danger in fractionation
At a gas fractionation plant, natural gas from wells is turned into clean, dry natural gas by removing liquid impurities along with other gases such as ethane, propane and butane. There are various methods available to accomplish this, but they all involve taking a volatile feedstock and turning it into volatile byproducts. Gas leaks can lead to a vapor cloud explosion (VCE), which is why the process areas of these plants have blast ratings identified during siting analysis and risk assessment.
Compressor stations: Leaks and mechanical failures
At a compressor station, the gas is pressurized to carry it through the pipeline to its ultimate storage or processing facility. There is some filtering of liquid for impurities at each compressor station. The dangers at a compressor plant are twofold. First, you have the possible leak and VCE. Second, you have the possible catastrophic failure of the pump/motors. Many compressor stations literally use jet engines to drive the pumps.
Pipeline challenges
Pipeline failures and explosions have made the news many times over the past few years. Corrosion, joint failure or sabotage/ theft are typical causes of these failures. Planning blast-resistant facilities for pipelines is a bit more challenging, as the pipeline route is not occupied and failures could happen anywhere along the line.
Conclusion: Identify and mitigate dangers
The challenges of hazard analysis and mitigation in midstream facilities are different in many ways than those in downstream plants or upstream drill rigs (onshore and offshore), but the goals are the same. First, identify all dangers, including blast, gas and fire. And second, eliminate or mitigate the danger.
It is difficult to eliminate blast dangers completely, so physical blast protection like blast-resistant modules must be considered. Much of the protection these days in the midstream is modular. One reason is speed to market, but speed isn't the only advantage of a blast-resistant modular building. Overall cost, less site disruption, factory quality, and blast building experience and expertise are additional advantages of a modular blast-resistant building.
For more information about blast-resistant modules and their use in midstream facilities, visit RedGuard online or call (855) 733-4827.
