In the January 2019 update of its Short-Term Energy Outlook (STEO), the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) includes the effects that upcoming changes to marine fuel sulfur specifications will have on crude oil and petroleum product markets. Set to go into effect January 1, 2020, the new International Marine Organization (IMO) regulations limit the sulfur content in marine fuels used by ocean-going vessels to 0.5% by weight, a reduction from the previous limit of 3.5% (Figure 1). The change in fuel specification is expected to put upward pressure on diesel margins and modest upward pressure on crude oil prices in late 2019 and early 2020.
Residual oil—the long-chain hydrocarbons remaining after lighter and shorter hydrocarbons such as gasoline and diesel have been separated from crude oil—accounts for the largest component of marine fuels, also known as bunker fuels, used by large ocean-going vessels. Marine vessels account for about 4% of global oil demand. Removing sulfur from residual oils or upgrading them to more valuable lighter products such as diesel and gasoline can be an expensive and capital-intensive process. Refineries have two options for residual oils. They can either invest in more downstream units to upgrade residual oils into more valuable products, or they can process lighter and sweeter crude oils, which produce less residual oils and the sulfur content therein.
EIA expects that once implemented, the new IMO fuel specification will widen discounts between light-sweet crude oil and heavy-sour crude oil grades, while also widening the price spreads between high- and low-sulfur petroleum products. In the January STEO forecast, Brent crude oil spot prices increase from an average of $61 per barrel (b) in 2019 to $65/b in 2020, and about $2.50/b of this increase is attributable to higher demand for light-sweet crude oils that are priced off of Brent.
Because of an increased premium on low-sulfur fuels, EIA expects diesel fuel refining margins will increase from an average of 43 cents per gallon (gal) in 2018 to 48 cents/gal in 2019 and to 65 cents/gal in 2020 (Figure 2). Motor gasoline margins averaged 28 cents/gal in 2018 and will increase slightly to an average of 32 cents/gal by 2020. EIA’s analysis indicates that the price effects that result from implementing this new standard will be most acute in 2020 and will diminish over time. As they maximize production of diesel fuel, refineries will increase distillate fuel refinery yields from an average of 29.5% in 2018 to 29.9% in 2019 to 31.5% in 2020, while motor gasoline yields will fall from an average of 46.9% in 2018 to averages of 46.5% in 2019 and 45.6% in 2020. Residual fuel yields will decrease from an average of 2.4% in 2018 to an average of 2.2% in 2020.
To meet increased demand for low-sulfur fuels, EIA expects that gross inputs into refineries will increase from an average of 17.3 million barrels per day (b/d) in 2018 to a record level of 17.9 million b/d (up 3.6%) on average in 2020. This increase in gross inputs will result in refinery utilization increasing from an average of 92% in 2019 to an average of 96% in 2020. As refiners use discounted higher sulfur fuel oil volumes, unfinished oil inputs into refineries will increase from an average of 0.33 million b/d in 2018 to averages of 0.39 million b/d (an increase of 17.5%) in 2019 and 0.56 million b/d (an increase of 44.6%) in 2020.
U.S. Gulf Coast refineries have significant capacity to process high-sulfur crude and unfinished oils relative to the rest of the world. As a result, the Gulf Coast will continue to import large quantities of heavy-sour crude oils. EIA’s official forecast only includes net imports, and EIA forecasts that crude oil net imports will decline from 5.8 million b/d in 2018 to 4.8 million b/d in 2020. However, because EIA assumes crude oil gross imports in 2020 will remain largely flat from current levels of about 7.5 million b/d, the decrease in overall net imports results largely from an increase in crude oil gross exports. Also, EIA assumes that net imports of unfinished oil will increase from 0.3 million b/d in 2018 to almost 0.6 million b/d in 2020 as Gulf Coast refineries import unfinished oils to run in downstream refining units to produce low-sulfur IMO compliant fuels.
Likewise, refinery production of distillate fuel will increase from an average of 5.18 million b/d in 2018 to 5.32 million b/d (2.7%) in 2019 and 5.92 million b/d (11.3%) in 2020, while residual fuel refinery production will fall from 0.42 million b/d in 2018 to 0.40 million b/d (-5.7%) in 2020. As a result, U.S. distillate fuel net exports are forecast to increase to 1.8 million b/d in 2020, almost 0.6 million b/d (57.4%) higher than in 2018, as U.S. refiners export increasing amounts of IMO-compliant fuel to global bunkering hubs.
Because two of the largest bunkering ports are outside of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), marine distillate use in non-OECD countries will likely increase through 2020. Likewise, high-sulfur residual fuel oil currently used for bunkering fuel will likely decline. Also, EIA does not expect a significant switch to liquefied natural gas (LNG) in 2020 as a result of the regulation because of a lack of sufficient infrastructure to support LNG as a shipping fuel. EIA does not anticipate the regulations will have a significant effect on total global liquid fuels consumption in 2020. The switch from highly energy-dense residual fuel to marine distillate will likely result in an increase in total liquid fuels consumption of no more than 0.1 million b/d (0.1%) because using less energy-dense fuel will require some increase in volume to serve an equivalent level of shipping traffic.
Based on the most recent data available, U.S. consumption of bunker fuel was about 0.3 million b/d, and EIA expects the overall effect on product supplied to be very small. In the bunker market, a modest shift from residual fuel use to distillate is likely. However, uncertainty exists regarding the IMO-compliant fuel specification and, in turn, what its supply chain will look like. As a result, the distribution of individual fuels is uncertain.
On January 24, EIA will release its Annual Energy Outlook 2019 with projections through 2050. This analysis will reflect the long-term implications of the new sulfur requirements.
U.S. average regular gasoline price increases, diesel price decreases
The U.S. average regular gasoline retail price increased 1 cent from last week to $2.25 per gallon on January 14, 2019, down 31 cents per gallon from the same time last year. Midwest prices increased more than 4 cents to $2.05 per gallon, Gulf Coast prices rose more than 2 cents to $1.91 per gallon, and East Coast prices rose slightly, remaining virtually unchanged at $2.22 per gallon. Rocky Mountain prices fell nearly 7 cents to $2.31 per gallon, and West Coast prices decreased more than 3 cents to $2.98 per gallon.
The U.S. average diesel fuel price decreased nearly 4 cents from last week to $2.98 per gallon on January 14, 2019, more than 5 cents per gallon lower than a year ago. West Coast prices fell nearly 6 cents to $3.47 per gallon, Midwest prices decreased nearly 5 cents to $2.82 per gallon, Rocky Mountain prices decreased nearly 4 cents to $2.99 per gallon, Gulf Coast prices fell more than 3 cents to $2.79 per gallon, and East Coast prices fell 2 cents to $3.05 per gallon.
Propane/propylene inventories decline
U.S. propane/propylene stocks decreased by 1.2 million barrels last week to 67.5 million barrels as of January 11, 2019, 0.4 million barrels (0.6%) lower than the five-year (2014-2018) average inventory levels for this same time of year. Gulf Coast inventories decreased by 0.8 million barrels, Midwest inventories decreased by 0.6 million barrels, and Rocky Mountain/West Coast inventories decreased slightly, remaining virtually unchanged. East Coast inventories increased by 0.2 million barrels. Propylene non-fuel-use inventories represented 8.1% of total propane/propylene inventories.
Residential heating oil prices increase, propane prices decrease
As of January 14, 2019, residential heating oil prices averaged $3.13 per gallon, 4 cents per gallon higher than last week’s price but 8 cents per gallon lower than last year’s price at this time. The average wholesale heating oil price for this week averaged $1.98 per gallon, 9 cents per gallon more than last week but nearly 25 cents per gallon below last year’s price.
Residential propane prices averaged almost $2.43 per gallon, less than 1 cent per gallon lower than last week and nearly 16 cents per gallon lower than a year ago. Wholesale propane prices averaged $0.78 per gallon, nearly 2 cents per gallon higher than last week but 44 cents per gallon lower than a year ago.
